{"id":61919,"date":"2022-07-16T00:53:02","date_gmt":"2022-07-16T00:53:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/longchuathuongxot.vn\/v2\/?p=61919"},"modified":"2022-07-16T00:53:02","modified_gmt":"2022-07-16T00:53:02","slug":"chuyen-doi-voltaire","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/longchuathuongxot.vn\/v2\/chuyen-doi-voltaire\/","title":{"rendered":"CHUY\u1ec6N \u0110\u1edcI VOLTAIRE"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n

Tri\u1ebft gia Voltaire t\u00ean th\u1eadt l\u00e0 Fran\u00e7ois-Marie Arouet, sinh ng\u00e0y 21-11-1694 t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng phong tr\u00e0o Khai S\u00e1ng \u2013 Enlightenment.\"CHUY\u1ec6N<\/span><\/p>\n

Voltaire nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 trang nghi\u00eam v\u00e0 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n t\u1eeb Lm Gaultier, tu s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tu s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 Voltaire, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111i h\u1ecdc cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u01a1i c\u1edd \u1edf Ferney. Khi Voltaire nghe ch\u1eef \u201cD\u00f2ng T\u00ean,\u201d n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat trong \u00f4ng: \u0111\u1ee9a con ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft m\u1eb9 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau cha m\u1eb9, ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau m\u1ebfn th\u1ea7y c\u00f4 th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd y\u00eau m\u1ebfn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y v\u1eabn nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Lm Gaultier \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 trong l\u00e1 th\u01b0 r\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0i mu\u1ed1n gi\u00fap Voltaire c\u1ee9u linh h\u1ed3n m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Voltaire c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn Lm Gaultier t\u1edbi ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh? Voltaire c\u00f3 x\u01b0ng t\u1ed9i? Voltaire th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3 danh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 r\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec5 d\u1ecbp Ph\u1ee5c Sinh t\u1ea1i Ferney khi m\u1ed9t linh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m. Linh m\u1ee5c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tha t\u1ed9i cho \u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 n\u00ean vi\u1ebft cho Voltaire m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 trang nghi\u00eam v\u00e0 \u00f4n h\u00f2a: \u201cVi\u1ec7c r\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0103n n\u0103n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft do c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n b\u00e0n th\u00e1nh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng cam k\u1ebft ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 linh m\u1ee5c n\u00e0o cho ph\u00e9p \u00f4ng l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.\u201d<\/em> Voltaire b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c tin t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 xin c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin bao g\u1ed3m h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i su\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i ho\u1eb7c trao M\u00ecnh Th\u00e1nh cho Voltaire.<\/span><\/p>\n

Voltaire t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn, t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch d\u1eb1n m\u1eb7t gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i: Ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec5 Ph\u1ee5c Sinh s\u1eafp t\u1edbi, \u00f4ng ta d\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t linh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng ta gi\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean gi\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh: \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft \u0111\u1edd \u0111\u1eabn, gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i, \u0111\u00f4i tay g\u1ea7y gu\u1ed9c s\u1edd t\u1ea5m v\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i gi\u01b0\u1eddng. \u00d4ng ta xin gi\u00e1o s\u0129 nghe l\u1eddi th\u00fa t\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0o tay. Linh m\u1ee5c n\u00e0y s\u1eefng s\u1edd v\u00e0 v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 b\u1ecf \u0111i, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta. Voltaire v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ta s\u1eafp ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 linh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn. \u00d4ng ta h\u1ee9a s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 n\u00e0o m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c c\u1ea5m linh m\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i cho \u00f4ng ta. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Voltaire d\u1ecda \u0111\u00e2m \u0111\u01a1n ki\u1ec7n, v\u00ec v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ban c\u00e1c b\u00ed t\u00edch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eafp ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c sai hai linh m\u1ee5c t\u1edbi. Voltaire \u0111\u1ecdc Kinh Tin K\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c T\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed3 v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean x\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u00f4i t\u00f4n th\u1edd Ch\u00faa trong ph\u00f2ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c v\u1edbi ai.\u201d<\/em> Linh m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean x\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin kh\u00e1c trong t\u00fai \u00e1o v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng Voltaire ph\u1ea3i k\u00fd v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Voltaire \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng Kinh Tin K\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c T\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7, v\u00e0 ranh m\u00e3nh n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean x\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin kh\u00e1c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng. Linh m\u1ee5c v\u1eabn b\u1eaft Voltaire k\u00fd, \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3 v\u1edd y\u1ebfu s\u1ee9c v\u00e0 xin mi\u1ec5n x\u00e1, linh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd. Voltaire n\u1eb1m xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 m\u1ec9m c\u01b0\u1eddi. \u00d4ng ta th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c. Sau khi linh m\u1ee5c \u0111i, Voltaire ra kh\u1ecfi gi\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi th\u01b0 k\u00fd: \u201cT\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o s\u0129 bu\u1ed3n t\u1ebb \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho t\u00f4i c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i. N\u00e0o, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f9ng \u0111i d\u1ea1o quanh v\u01b0\u1eddn.\u201d<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng tr\u00f2 \u0111\u00f9a b\u00e1ng b\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Voltaire, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f9a c\u1ee3t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 tr\u00f2 \u0111\u00f9a? C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 tr\u00f2 \u0111\u00f9a v\u1edbi Voltaire, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t tinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ta c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m \u0111am m\u00ea ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u2013 v\u00e0 k\u1ecbch ngh\u1ec7. Voltaire \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 g\u00ec? Li\u1ec7u \u00f4ng ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fa t\u1ed9i th\u1eadt ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u00f4ng ta mu\u1ed1n? C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u00f4ng ta b\u1ecb cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat v\u00e0o k\u1ecbch ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 v\u1edd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i \u00f4ng ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh? N\u1ebfu \u00f4ng ta th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 mu\u1ed1n th\u00fa t\u1ed9i th\u00ec sao?<\/span><\/p>\n

Voltaire tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Lm Gaultier:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cTh\u01b0a ng\u00e0i, l\u00e1 th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt: \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i s\u1ebd vinh d\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m v\u00e0o ban ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 v\u00e0o gi\u1edd thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t cho ng\u00e0i. T\u00f4i s\u1ebd n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i khi t\u00f4i ch\u00fac ph\u00fac cho ch\u00e1u trai c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Franklin th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, ni\u1ec1m vinh d\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3. T\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb n\u00e0y: \u2018Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do.\u2019 T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 84 tu\u1ed5i, t\u00f4i s\u1eafp xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa, \u0110\u1ea5ng t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. N\u1ebfu linh m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp ng\u00e0i, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 khi\u1ebfn t\u00f4i cho\u00e1ng ng\u1ee3p.\u201d<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Lm Gaultier \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn, th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn v\u1edbi Voltaire, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eafp ch\u1ebft. Linh m\u1ee5c n\u00f3i v\u1edbi Voltaire r\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd b\u00e1o c\u00e1o cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p m\u1eb7t n\u00e0y cho b\u1ec1 tr\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Voltaire \u2013 b\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 th\u01b0 k\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Voltaire n\u00f3i: \u201cH\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4i \u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n linh m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u2013 ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng n\u1ecbnh t\u00f4i.\u201d<\/em> S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a linh m\u1ee5c khi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i. Danh ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp phong tr\u00e0o Khai S\u00e1ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng khai t\u1eeb b\u1ecf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec. Tuy nhi\u00ean, mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t t\u1eed t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lm Gaultier \u0111\u00e3 trao cho Voltaire m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n so\u1ea1n s\u1eb5n, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean x\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng khai t\u1eeb b\u1ecf n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ed1ng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta. Nh\u01b0ng Voltaire g\u1ea1t sang m\u1ed9t b\u00ean v\u00e0 run r\u1ea9y vi\u1ebft l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: \u201cT\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fa nh\u1eadn [v\u1edbi Lm Gaultier] r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa d\u00f9ng t\u00f4i, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd ch\u1ebft trong t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra, hy v\u1ecdng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa trong l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd \u0111o\u00e1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng tha th\u1ee9 cho t\u00f4i m\u1ecdi l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i; n\u1ebfu t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, t\u00f4i c\u1ea7u xin s\u1ef1 tha th\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i.\u201d<\/em> Hai nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng c\u00f9ng k\u00fd t\u00ean v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Lm Gaultier \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i cho Voltaire, nh\u01b0ng Voltaire t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i r\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec5 v\u00ec l\u00fd do s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe. Sau \u0111\u00f3 Lm Gaultier ra v\u1ec1.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lm Gaultier tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. Gi\u00e1o quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng coi l\u1eddi c\u00f4ng khai r\u00fat \u00fd ki\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Voltaire l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111e d\u1ecda s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t theo nghi l\u1ec5 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. M\u1ed9t linh m\u1ee5c D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t linh m\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 xem \u00f4ng ta th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Ai \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e9t v\u00e0o tai Voltaire r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111ang h\u1ea5p h\u1ed1i n\u00f3i: \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u01b0? V\u1eady th\u00ec h\u00e3y nh\u1edb d\u00e0nh cho \u00f4ng \u1ea5y nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khen c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.\u201d<\/em> M\u1ed9t linh m\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c h\u1ecfi Voltaire: \u201c\u00d4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn ra th\u1ea7n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng?\u201d<\/em> Voltaire l\u1ea5y tay \u0111\u1ea9y gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ra, v\u1eeba quay m\u1eb7t \u0111i v\u1eeba n\u00f3i: \u201cH\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4i ch\u1ebft trong b\u00ecnh an.\u201d<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Voltaire v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn n\u00ean b\u00e1c s\u0129 cho thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3m \u0111au. B\u00e1c s\u0129 vi\u1ebft trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0: \u201cB\u00e2y gi\u1edd Voltaire \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng kh\u1eaft khe l\u1eafm c\u0169ng so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh, d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i trong v\u00e0i ng\u00e0n n\u0103m qua \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m hoang t\u00e0n tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t.\u201d<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Voltaire g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u00ec tin \u0111\u1ed3n lan truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m tranh gi\u00e0nh nhau \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta. Sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c l\u00e1 th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a b\u00e1c s\u0129 \u0111\u1ec3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng Voltaire \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ebft trong \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn v\u00e0 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i H\u1ecfa Ng\u1ee5c. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t thi\u1ebfu thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m, l\u1eddi k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a b\u00e1c s\u0129 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng. B\u00e0 Denis n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 r\u1ea5t \u0111au kh\u1ed5 nh\u01b0ng Voltaire \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, theo m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, Voltaire n\u1eb1m ch\u1ebft trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 nh\u1ecf t\u1ed1i t\u0103m, t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh, n\u01a1i b\u00e0 Denis \u2013 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Voltaire \u2013 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfp kh\u00e1ch. B\u00e0 lo r\u1eb1ng Voltaire c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf di ch\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn b\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1ea5y; b\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tranh c\u00e3i s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Voltaire. B\u1eadn t\u00e2m v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m ri\u00eang, h\u1ecd tr\u00e1nh c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Voltaire, m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf, nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd. B\u00e0 Denis kh\u00f4ng \u1edf v\u1edbi \u00f4ng ta; b\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng ch\u1eebng \u00f4ng ta. \u00d4ng ta \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn qu\u1eb1n qu\u1ea1i tr\u00ean gi\u01b0\u1eddng; h\u1ecd tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n, c\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f9a v\u00e0 u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u. \u00d4ng ta x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m h\u1ecd v\u00e0 n\u00e9m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u00ecnh v\u00e0o h\u1ecd khi \u00f4ng ta c\u00f2n s\u1ee9c. C\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng mong mu\u1ed1n, v\u00ec Voltaire n\u1eb1m \u1edf n\u01a1i b\u1ea9n th\u1ec9u, gh\u00e9t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xung quanh. Voltaire l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00fac, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng: m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb.<\/span><\/p>\n

Voltaire \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u201ct\u00ecnh y\u00eau\u201d theo c\u00e1ch r\u00fat g\u1ecdn n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c: s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd v\u00e0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan kho\u00e1i c\u1ea3m nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng gi\u00e0, \u201cb\u00ean ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u01b0 c\u0169, nh\u1eefng n\u1ebfp nh\u0103n kinh kh\u1ee7ng, l\u00f4ng m\u00e0y b\u1ea1c tr\u1eafng b\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng, h\u00e0m r\u0103ng r\u1ee5ng gh\u00ea t\u1edfm, s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u00e0 t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a y t\u00e1 vui \u0111\u00f9a, v\u00e0 bao dung v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1eebng y\u00eau m\u1ebfn. N\u00f3 \u0111ang ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft.\u201d Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m khi \u00f4ng ta ch\u1ebft d\u1ea7n trong c\u01a1n h\u1ea5p h\u1ed1i. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta, b\u00e0 Denis hy v\u1ecdng s\u1edbm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1edf h\u1eefu kh\u1ed1i t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a Voltaire, b\u00e0 n\u00f3i: \u201cC\u00e1i g\u00ec! \u00d4ng Voltaire l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, thay kh\u0103n tr\u1ea3i gi\u01b0\u1eddng ba l\u1ea7n m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y thay v\u00ec ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 \u2013 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n<\/em> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau? \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u00e0o?\u201d<\/em> N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng: ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh b\u00e0 \u1ea5y b\u1ecf r\u01a1i \u00f4ng ta.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00fd l\u1ebd n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra cho s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec1n r\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a linh h\u1ed3n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 khi qua \u0111\u1eddi, d\u00f9 b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh hay b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u1ef1 k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eafp ch\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u00fd. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t \u201ctheo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo nh\u1eefng k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 thanh t\u1ea9y linh h\u1ed3n, v\u00e0 d\u1eabn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xung quanh \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1n t\u1ed9i \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1778, Voltaire \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1t l\u00ean m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau d\u00e0i v\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c y t\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i khi\u1ebfp s\u1ee3. V\u00e0 r\u1ed3i \u00f4ng t\u1eaft th\u1edf.<\/span><\/p>\n

JOSEPH STUART<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

TR\u1ea6M THI\u00caN THU<\/u><\/strong> (chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef t\u1eeb CatholicExchange.com)<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tri\u1ebft gia Voltaire t\u00ean th\u1eadt l\u00e0 Fran\u00e7ois-Marie Arouet, sinh ng\u00e0y 21-11-1694 t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng phong tr\u00e0o Khai S\u00e1ng \u2013 Enlightenment. Voltaire nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 trang nghi\u00eam v\u00e0 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n t\u1eeb Lm Gaultier, tu s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":61920,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11,19],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-61919","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-chia-se","category-tieu-diem"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/longchuathuongxot.vn\/v2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61919","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/longchuathuongxot.vn\/v2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/longchuathuongxot.vn\/v2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/longchuathuongxot.vn\/v2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/longchuathuongxot.vn\/v2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=61919"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/longchuathuongxot.vn\/v2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61919\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":61921,"href":"https:\/\/longchuathuongxot.vn\/v2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61919\/revisions\/61921"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/longchuathuongxot.vn\/v2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/61920"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/longchuathuongxot.vn\/v2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=61919"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/longchuathuongxot.vn\/v2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=61919"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/longchuathuongxot.vn\/v2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=61919"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}